Method and apparatus for fraud control in cellular telephone systems

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for fraud control in cellular telephone systems. Call records from a switch are scanned to identify a fraudulent cellular phone based on its behavior. An identifier, e.g., a radio frequency (RF) signature, representative of the fraudulent phone is stored in a control channel editor at a cell site. A database of identifiers may comprise a positive validation database storing the identifiers for all valid phones used in the cellular telephone system, or it may be a negative validation database storing the identifiers for known fraudulent phones. A control channel editor intercepts a call origination request transmitted by a phone, and a control processor compares one or more characteristics of the phone transmitting the call origination request to the database of identifiers. The control processor then prevents the call origination request from completing when the comparison indicates that the phone is fraudulent. The call origination request can be prevented from completing by (1) re-routing the call to a customer service or &#34;fraud hot line&#34; number, (2) interrupting the call origination request, (3) transmitting a &#34;hang-up&#34; message to the phone, (4) transmitting a &#34;hang-up&#34; message to the cell site, or (5) transmitting a &#34;tear-down&#34; message to a switch.

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/084,367, filed Jun. 29, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,920,910 which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates in general to radio frequency (RF) communication systems, and in particular, to a method and apparatus for fraud control in cellular modible radiotelephone (CMR) and personal communications services (PCS) systems.

2. Description of Related Art

Cellular telephones combine the mobility of the radio link and the world-wide land telephone network to provide a communication link to any other telephone in the world. However, as cellular phones have become more prevalent throughout the country, fraud has become a major problem. Cellular fraud robs service providers of hundreds of millions of dollars every year. Like all crimes, there are several varieties of cellular fraud, including "cloning."

Cloning fraud, which occurs when a legitimate subscriber's MIN/ESN combination is used for illegal purposes, is among the most sophisticated and difficult forms of fraud to prevent. Often, the pirate will use simple electronic devices to "capture" the legitimate MIN/ESN combination during its transmission by radio frequency (RF). In these cases, the legitimate subscriber often does not know fraud is being committed with his or her MIN/ESN combination until they receive the bill. This is currently the most popular method of gaining illegal access to a cellular system, because the legitimacy of the stolen MIN/ESN combinations makes cloning difficult to catch.

There are certain steps that can be taken to prevent cloning fraud. In some instances, carriers block calls to certain destinations, or impose "brownouts" on calls using specified MIN codes, particularly on international calls, that have been previously abused. Although drastic, this method currently is often the only way to stop cloning fraud.

The eventual release of digital cellular phones into the mass market will provide another avenue for fraud. Digital phones will also be susceptible to new and improved criminal techniques for stealing MIN/ESN combinations. Thus, carriers are forced to seek other methods of detecting and preventing fraudulent calls.

Several companies, including Electronic Data Systems (EDS) and Subscriber Computing, Inc. (SCI) have developed anti-cloning products that analyze calling patterns using call records. For example, EDS' PCC Cloning Detection System and SCI's Fraud Watch System are designed to be interfaced with cellular switches, so that call information can be collected after the calls have been completed. These systems can be used to identify calling patterns in the collected information that indicate fraudulent usage.

These systems typically allow operators to specify certain criteria to identify fraud. These criteria may include number of calls per hour, call durations, number of minutes used by a specific phone within an hour, number of international or toll calls per hour, and calls to specific countries or NPA/NXXX codes. Operator can also identify fraudulent usage by the specific number dialed for those numbers that have been previously identified as a number called by fraudulent callers. The call records of cellular phones meeting any number of criteria can be viewed online or printed.

Although they cannot prevent cloning fraud, such systems provide carriers with a method of identifying cloning fraud, so that losses can be tabulated. Unfortunately, current methods can only detect or monitor fraud after the caller hangs up, and provide no way to stop fraud. Thus, there is a need in the art for techniques that enhance the use of analyzed call patterns to deny pirates the use of cellular telephone systems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

To overcome the limitations in the prior art described above, and to overcome other limitations that will become apparent upon reading and understanding the present specification, the present invention discloses a method and apparatus for fraud control in RF communications systems, and cellular telephone systems in particular. Call records are scanned to identify a fraudulent cellular phone based on its behavior. An identifier, for example, an RF signature, representative of the fraudulent cellular phone is stored in fraud control equipment located at a cell site. A database of identifiers may comprise a positive validation database storing the identifiers for all valid cellular phones used in the cellular telephone system, or it may be a negative validation database storing the identifiers for known fraudulent cellular phones. A control channel editor intercepts a call origination request transmitted from a cellular phone to the cell site, and compares one or more characteristics of the cellular phone transmitting the call origination request to the database of identifiers. The control channel editor then prevents the completion of the phone call when the comparison indicates that the cellular phone is fraudulent. The call origination request can be prevented from completing by (1) re-routing the call to a customer service or "fraud hot line" number, (2) interrupting the call origination request, (3) transmitting a "hang-up" message to the phone, (4) transmitting a "hang-up" message to the cell site, or (5) transmitting a "tear-down" message to a switch.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring now to the drawings in which like reference numbers represent corresponding elements throughout:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the components of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the components of the present invention including an emitter detect; and

FIG. 3 is a block diagram further illustrating the components of the centralized fraud control system used in the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

In the following description of the preferred embodiment, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration, a specific embodiment in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be used and changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.

Overview

The present invention provides a method and apparatus for fraudulent control in controlled access wireless communications systems, including cellular mobile radiotelephone (CMR) systems, personal communications services (PCS) systems, and specific multiuser radio (SMR) systems. The present invention identifies fraudulent cellular phones by past behavior and a unique identifier, and then denies these cellular phones any further use of the cellular network. The present invention also has application to system monitoring of cell site and subscriber phone performance, cellular phone location services, and other applications.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a component of the present invention. A control channel editor 10 comprises receive side components including an FM receiver 12, data demodulator 14, delay memory logic 16, data modulator 18 and an FM transmitter 20, and transmit side components including an FM receiver 22, data demodulator 24, data controller 26, data modulator 28 and an FM transmitter 30.

The control channel editor 10 is coupled to the RF distribution cabling from the cell site antennae 32 and to the cell site control channel equipment 34. Since the control channel editor 10 deals with a standard RF interface, it can be used with any cell site equipment 34. Moreover, the operation of the control channel editor 10 is transparent to cellular phone users during normal operation, and acts only to interrupt the placement of calls by fraudulent cellular phones.

In order to provide the level of reliability required in a public service system, fail-safe relays 36 and 38 are provided to allow normal operation of the cell site equipment should a malfunction occur within the control channel editor 10. If the control channel editor 10 fails in any way, the relays 36 and 38 will be de-energized, so that control channel editor 10 is bypassed.

A control processor 40 is coupled to the control channel editor 10 via the delay memory logic 12 and the data controller 26. Also coupled to the control processor is a call termination signal generator 42, an RF signature system 44, a switch 46, and a centralized fraud control system 48.

Upon further reading of this specification, those skilled in the art will recognize that not all of the various components shown in FIG. 1 are required to practice the present invention. Moreover, different combinations of the components from those illustrated herein may be used, as described in more detail below. In addition, the connections between components may be modified from those illustrated herein, depending on the method of fraud control used.

Operation

When a user first turns on his cellular telephone, the cellular phone scans and identifies the set-up or control channels being received. The cellular phone then selects and tunes to the strongest control channel signal, presumably from the nearest cell transmitter. Transmitted "busy-idle" bits inform the cellular phone of the status of the reverse signalling portion (phone to cell site) of the control channel to prevent simultaneous seizure by more than one cellular phone. There are other handshake and timing checks to guard against collisions between cellular phones.

The cellular phone automatically registers with the cellular system when it is powered on. At registration, the phone sends its mobile identification number (MIN), electronic serial number (ESN), station class mark, etc., to the cell site. Depending upon system procedures, registration can verify that service for the cellular phone is available, or that the cellular phone is not on a "hot list" relating to unauthorized use or stolen phones. However, unless the MIN/ESN combination is on the "hot list," registration will not identify cloning fraud. After registration, the cellular phone then turns-off its transmitter, although it continues to monitor the selected control channel for incoming calls.

When a call is originated from the cellular phone, the subscriber enters the dialed digits of the called number, which are temporarily stored in the cellular phone, and presses the "send" key. The cellular phone then goes "off-hook," and scans and selects the strongest control channel. When a "busy-idle" bit signifies that the control channel is idle, the phone sends a data stream to the cell site, including its identification (MIN/ESN) and the dialed digits of the called number.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the signalling data stream from the cellular phone is received as RF signals at the antennae 32 of the cell site. The RF signals are coupled from the antennae 32 to the FM receiver 12, and then demodulated by data demodulator 14. At the appropriate time, the transmit side components of the control channel editor 10 toggle the busy/idle bit in the signalling data stream to the cellular phone. This "handshake" lets the cellular phone know that the cell site is receiving the control signal. The data stream is then stored at delay memory logic 16, so that the call origination request represented thereby can be delayed if necessary until the identity of the cellular phone is verified. The data stream is also transmitted to the control microprocessor 40, which uses one or more of a plurality of identification techniques to determine whether the cellular phone is fraudulent. After the control microprocessor 40 completes its identification, and has determined that the cellular phone is not fraudulent, the data stream is re-modulated by data modulator 18 to the same frequency and then transmitted to a control channel transceiver component (not shown) of the cell site equipment 34 by the FM transmitter 20. To complete the call set-up, the control channel transceiver component of the cell site equipment 34 transmits the voice channel assignment to the transmit side components of the control channel editor 10. The transmit side components of the control channel editor 10 transmit the voice channel assignment to the cellular phone and to the control processor 40.

If the cellular phone is identified as fraudulent, then the control processor 40 and control channel editor 10 can use one or more of a plurality of different methods to handle the call origination. For example, one method may completely interrupt or deny the call set-up, so that the data stream received from the cellular phone is not transmitted to the control channel transceiver of the cell site equipment 34. Another method may alter the dialed phone number embedded in the data stream, so that the call is re-routed to a customer service phone number or "fraud hot line" phone number instead of the phone number dialed by the user. Both of these methods would preferably use a fast identification technique in the control microprocessor 40, e.g., identification within 0.5 seconds, so that calls are not adversely affected by slow call origination response. Moreover, this method would require only the receive side components of the control channel editor 10.

Still another method may send release, reorder, maintenance, or interrupt order commands to the cellular phone using the transmit side components of the control channel editor 10. While this method could be used with a fast identification technique, it is also readily used with slower identification techniques, e.g., identification within one second. Moreover, this method would require both the receive side and transmit side components of the control channel editor 10, although the receive side components may only need to "tap" into the reverse signalling data streams and may not have to delay and/or re-build the data streams.

Yet another method may transmit a call termination signal to a voice channel transceiver (not shown) of the cell site equipment 34 using the call termination signal generator 42. The particular voice channel transceiver is identified by the voice channel assignment information provided to the control processor 40 by the transmit side components of the control channel editor 10. The call termination signal generator 42 instructs the cell site equipment 34 that the user has "hung up" his phone, so that the cell site equipment 34 then also hangs up. While this method could be used with a fast identification technique, it also permits the use of slower, more complex identification techniques, e.g., identification taking more than one second. Moreover, the call termination could occur at any point during the call, so there is no time limit for the identification techniques. However, the method generates call records that will need to be resolved during the billing cycle to avoid billing the valid customers for the fraudulent calls.

Still yet another method may transmit a call termination command to the switch 46 from the control microprocessor 40. This command would instruct the switch 46 to terminate the call. While this method could be used with a fast identification technique, it also permits the use of slower, more complex identification techniques, e.g., identification taking more than one second. The call termination could occur at any point during the call, so there is no time limit for the identification techniques. Moreover, this method may only require the receive side components of the control channel editor 10 for "tapping" the signalling data stream from the cellular phone, and thus may not have to delay and/or re-build the data streams. However, the method generates call records that will need to be resolved during the billing cycle to avoid billing the valid customers for the fraudulent calls.

The identification techniques performed by the control microprocessor 40 would compare the cellular phone placing the call against an identification database. These comparisons may be performed against a negative validation database (containing known fraudulent cellular phones) or a positive validation database (containing all known non-fraudulent cellular phones). Typically, a negative validation database would be preferred, because it would be smaller and more readily searched, thereby limiting the amount of time the comparison would require. Moreover, with the negative validation database, secondary pattern data, such as call history, called number, call frequency, call time, station, class, etc., can be used to validate a close match.

The identification techniques performed by the present invention can comprise one or more of a plurality of different methods. For example, known "cloned" MIN/ESN combinations can be denied access to the cellular telephone system, although this is easily circumvented by the pirate re-programming the fraudulent cellular phone. Another technique would use the MIN/ESN combination to look-up one or more known station class marks of the corresponding cellular phone, compare the known station class marks to the station class mark transmitted to the cell site by the cellular phone, and deny access when a mismatch occurs. Still another technique would compare the dialed phone digits to "suspect" phone numbers uncovered during the analysis of prior fraudulent cellular phone calls, and deny calls placed to those suspect phone numbers.

An identification technique based on the comparison of RF signatures for the cellular phones could also be used to identify fraudulent cellular phones. The use of RF signature identification is important because it provides a way of independently identifying the fraudulent phone with using the ESN or MIN. Moreover, the use of RF signature identification can be used nationally to prevent roaming fraud.

RF Signature Identification

FIG. 2 is a block diagram further illustrating the components of the RF signature system 44. The RF signature system 44 typically comprises an FM receiver 50, analog-to digital (A/D) converter 52, and a digital signal processor (DSP) 54. From existing antennae 32, the received RF signal is sent to the FM receiver 50 that operates in the 824 MHz to 894 MHz range and has repeatable performance characteristics, including flat frequency and phase response, low phase noise, high dynamic range, stable amplitude, and accurate automatic gain control. The A/D converter 52, which converts the analog output from the FM receiver 50 into digital data, preferably has a minimum sample rate of 3.2 MHz to accommodate a bandwidth greater than or equal to 1.25 MHz. The DSP 54 performs the necessary calculations using the digital output of the A/D converter 52 to determine the RF signature of the cellular phone. The DSP 54 encodes measured characteristics of the cellular phone into a digital RF signature descriptor data stream.

The control microprocessor 40 compares the digital RF signature descriptor data stream to a database of RF signatures of known fraudulent cellular phones (negative validation) or with a database of RF signatures of all non-fraudulent cellular phones (positive validation). In a positive validation database, the, combination of RF signature with the associated MIN/ESN combination would most likely prove to be "uncloneable." In a negative validation database, secondary pattern data, such as the cell site, MIN/ESN combination, call history, the called number, call frequency, call time, station, class, etc., can be used to validate a close match.

The technique of identifying an RF signature is not new in the art, and has been previously used in military and intelligence applications. An example of an apparatus for characterizing a radio transmitter can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,005,210 issued Apr. 2, 1991, to Ferrell, incorporated by reference herein. Other examples include technology developed by the Electromagnetic Systems Laboratory of TRW, Inc.

The characteristics used in creating the RF signature should be consistent over time, temperature, battery voltage, orientation, location, use of car kits, etc., and yet be distinctive between individual cellular phones. Usually, the RF signature can be any unintentional modulation that is unique to the specific cellular phone. Because of fading clue to multipath transmissions, amplitude data will typically be distorted, and thus the characteristics used should preferably comprise phase or frequency type characteristics that are less affected by the cellular environment.

These characteristics can include, but are not limited to, turn-on transmitting amplitude, frequency or phase modulation versus time, the time between turn-on and onset of data, phase and frequency modulation during that delay, the initial amplitude, phase and frequency modulation when data transmission starts, transmission bit times, total times, timing jitter, rise and fall timing, carrier turn-off time, modulation deviation and distortion, modulation phase, bit to bit modulation variations, demodulation spectrum, spurious transmitter data, etc.

Some or all of these various characteristics can be used by the DSP 54 to create an RF signature unique for a given cellular phone. Preferably, the DSP 54 then condenses the selected characteristics into a digital RF signature descriptor data stream having a compact format that is easy to transmit from place to place. For example, the digital RF signature descriptor data stream can be transmitted to a control processor 40 and centralized fraud control system 48 for storage and later inclusion into positive and negative validation databases.

Centralized Fraud Control System

FIG. 3 is a block diagram further illustrating the components of the centralized fraud control system 48. The fraud control system comprises a CPU 56, one or more monitors 58, a data link 60 to a port of the switch 46, a data link 62 to the control microprocessor 40, and (optionally) databases for call records 64, RF signatures 66, positive Validation 68 and negative validation 70.

The fraud control system 48 performs real-time data collection of call records from the cellular telephone switch 46 into a call database 64. Using a behavior profiling algorithm, the fraud control system 48 scans the call records in the database 64 and extracts records corresponding to probable fraudulent activity. The behavior profiling algorithm identifies and flags specific activities represented within the different fields of the call records, including time, duration, cell, dialed digits, etc. Relative probabilities are assigned to the specific activities identified and flagged within the call records.

Some example criteria and their relative probabilities are described below:

1. Excessive call duration threshold made by a cellular phone within a given time period. For example, more than one long duration call per hour could result in the assignment of 15 points towards an alarm threshold.

2. Excessive number of call attempts made by a cellular phone within a given time period. For example, more than one call attempt per hour could result in the assignment of 15 points towards an alarm threshold.

3. All domestic toll call attempts made by a cellular phone within a given time period. For example, each domestic toll call attempt per hour could result in the assignment of 13 points towards an alarm threshold.

4. All international toll call attempts made by a cellular phone within a given time period. For example, each international toll call attempt per hour could result in the assignment of 20 points towards an alarm threshold.

5. All three-way conference calls made by a cellular phone within a given time period. For example, each three-way conference call attempt per hour could result in the assignment of 17 points towards an alarm threshold.

6. Excessive number of call attempts to specific NPA/NXXX codes made by a cellular phone within a given time period. For example, more than one call attempt per hour could result in the assignment of 15 points towards an alarm threshold.

7. Any calls with identical MIN/ESN that overlap for more than 59 seconds. 100 points.

8. Any calls to a known phone number previously called by fraudulent cellular phones under the assumption that "who you call is who you are." 100 points.

9. Any calls from a cellular phone to the number of a known fraudulent cellular phone under the assumption (verified by a 70% correlation) that the cellular phone placing the call is fraudulent as well. 100 points.

These criteria and associated probabilities are the result of trial and error investigation by the Assignee, and have been validated through experience. Nonetheless, those skilled in the art will recognize that other criteria and probabilities could be substituted for those described above, without departing from the scope of the present invention.

The fraud control system 48 indexes all call records in the call database linked to a specific MIN/ESN combination and the relative probabilities are accumulated towards an alarm threshold. The alarm threshold reflects an accumulated probability within some defined period, e.g., accumulating 100 probability points within one hour. The alarm threshold may be reached immediately, as when one call overlaps another with an identical MIN for more than 59 seconds.

If the alarm threshold is reached, the MIN/ESN combination is identified as a fraudulent cellular phone. In some cases, these identifications of fraudulent cellular phones are performed automatically by the fraud control system 48. In other cases, these identifications of fraudulent cellular phones are performed automatically by the fraud control system 48, and then verified through the intervention of an operator.

Once a fraudulent cellular phone is identified by the fraud control system 48, the positive and/or negative validation databases 68 and 70 are updated to reflect the identification. The updates may include all manner of phone-specific information, such as the RF signature from the RF signature database 66, and the MIN/ESN combination, the associated station class marks of the phone, "suspect" dialed numbers, etc., from the call database 64 and/or a subscriber information database (not shown). In addition, the local database used by the control microprocessor 40 is updated to prevent further access by the fraudulent cellular phone.

Conclusion

This concludes the description of the preferred embodiment of the invention. The following paragraphs describe some alternative methods of accomplishing the same invention.

In addition to cellular telephone systems, those skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention can be applied to other mobile radios, personal communications systems, paging systems, aircraft communications, satellite communications, as well any other controlled-access radio frequency communications systems.

Rather than using the specific components and combinations of components described herein, those skilled in the art will recognize that other components and combinations of components could be substituted therefor without departing from the scope of the present invention. Moreover, the connections between various components may be modified from those illustrated herein.

Rather than using the specific methods and process steps described herein, those skilled in the art will recognize that other methods and steps could be substituted therefor without departing from the scope of the present invention.

In summary, a method and apparatus for fraud control in cellular telephone systems has been described. Call records from a switch are scanned to identify a fraudulent cellular phone based on its behavior. An identifier, e.g., a radio frequency (RF) signature, representative of the fraudulent cellular phone is stored in a control channel editor at a cell site. A database of identifiers may comprise a positive validation database storing the identifiers for all valid subscribers of the cellular telephone system, or it may comprise a negative validation database storing the identifiers for known fraudulent cellular phones. A control channel editor intercepts a call origination request transmitted from a cellular phone to the cell site, and a control processor compares one or more characteristics of the cellular phone transmitting the call origination request to the database of identifiers. The control processor then prevents the call origination request from completing when the comparison indicates that the cellular phone is fraudulent. The call origination request can be prevented from completing by (1) re-routing the call to a customer service or "fraud hot line" number, (2) interrupting the call origination request, (3) transmitting a "hang-up" message to the phone, (4) transmitting a "hang-up" message to the cell site, or (5) transmitting a "tear-down" message to a switch.

The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of preventing fraudulent calls in a cellular telephone system, comprising the steps of:(a) scanning call records from the cellular telephone system; (b) analyzing characteristics from the scanned call records to identify a fraudulent cellular telephone; (c) storing a called number previously received from the fraudulent cellular telephone in an electronic memory; (d) receiving a call request from a cellular telephone, wherein the call request comprises a called number and a calling number; and (e) preventing the call request from completing when the called number of the request matches the called number previously received from the fraudulent cellular telephone and stored in the electronic memory.
 2. The method as set forth in claim 1 above, wherein the step of preventing further comprises means for identifying the cellular telephone as another fraudulent cellular telephone.
 3. The method as set forth in claim 1 above, wherein the step of preventing comprises the step of re-routing the request by replacing the called number.
 4. The method as set forth in claim 1 above, wherein the step of preventing comprises the step of interrupting the call request.
 5. The method as set forth in claim 1 above, wherein the step of preventing comprises the step of transmitting a "hang-up" command to the cellular telephone system.
 6. The method as set forth in claim 1 above, wherein the step of preventing comprises the step of transmitting a "hang-up" command to the cellular telephone.
 7. The method as set forth in claim 1 above, wherein the means for preventing comprises the step of transmitting a "tear-down" command to the cellular telephone system.
 8. An apparatus for preventing fraudulent calls in a cellular telephone system, comprising:(a) means for scanning call records from the cellular telephone system; (b) means for analyzing characteristics from the scanned call records to identify a fraudulent cellular telephone; (c) means for storing a called number previously received from the fraudulent cellular telephone in an electronic memory; (d) means for receiving a call request from a cellular telephone, wherein the call request comprises a called number and a calling number; and (e) means for preventing the call request from completing when the called number of the call request matches the called number previously received from the fraudulent cellular telephone and stored in the electronic memory.
 9. The apparatus as set forth in claim 8 above, wherein the means for preventing further comprises means for identifying the cellular telephone as another fraudulent cellular telephone.
 10. The apparatus as set forth in claim 8 above, wherein the means for preventing comprises means for re-routing the call request by replacing the called number.
 11. The apparatus as set forth in claim 8 above, wherein the means for preventing comprises means for interrupting the call request.
 12. The apparatus as set forth in claim 8 above, wherein the means for preventing comprises means for transmitting a "hang-up" command to the cellular telephone system.
 13. The apparatus as set forth in claim 8 above, wherein the means for preventing comprises means for transmitting a "hang-up" command to the cellular telephone.
 14. The apparatus as set forth in claim 8 above, wherein the means for preventing comprises means for transmitting a "tear-down" command to the cellular telephone system. 